Vehicle Propulsion System
* Internal Combustion Engines (Conventional Vehicles)
- Gasoline- Crude Oil
- Diesel- Crude Oil
* Internal Combustion Engines (Alternative propulsion)
- Natural gas- Underground reserves
(Compressed Natural Gas- CNG)
(Liquefied Natural Gas-LNG)
- Propane (Liquefied Petroleum Gas-LPG)- A by-product of petroleum refining or natural gas processing
- Ethanol (E85)- Corn, Grains, or agricultural waste (85% Ethanol + 15% gasoline)
- Methanol (M85)- Natural gas, coal, or, woody biomass (85% Methanol + 15% gasoline)
- Hydrogen- Natural Gas, Methanol, and other energy sources. (www.h2mobility.org)
- Biodiesel (blend B 20, pure biodiesel B100)- Soy bean oil, waste cooking oil, animal fats, and rapeseed oil. (www.biodiesel.org)
* Alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs):
Alternative
fuel vehicles include any dedicated, flexible-fuel, or dual-fuel vehicle
designed to operate on at least one alternative fuel. Alternative fuel vehicles
come in a variety of vehicle models such as sedans, pickup trucks, sport
utility vehicles, vans, shuttle buses, medium-duty vehicles (such as delivery
trucks), heavy-duty buses, and heavy-duty trucks.
A
dual-fuel system, maintains two paths for fuel injection. Two types of
fuel are stored in the car, but only one id delivered to the engine at any
given time. For example, a hybrid car might make use of both natural and regular
gasoline. Either a manual switch or some type of automatic sensor will tell the
fuel injection system which fuel should be used.
A
bi-fuel system, (Fuel Blends) on the other hand, makes use of two fuels
simultaneously. The most common form of this is an E85 compatible vehicle. A
mixture of fuels, made up of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline, is stored in a
single tank. When fuel is injected into the engine, both the ethanol and
gasoline arrive. They are mixed at a ratio that makes for optimal performance
and efficiency.
Blending amounts of alternative fuel with conventional fuel is an important
option for reducing petroleum. Examples of low-level fuel blends
include:
- E10 (10% ethanol/90% gasoline)
- B5 (5% biodiesel/95% diesel)
- B2 (2% biodiesel/98% diesel)
Blinds can also consist of two types of alternative fuels, such as:
- HCNG, hydrogen and compressed natural gas which can be combination of (20%
hydrogen/80%CNG)
Example of high-level fuel blends include:
- B20 (20% biodiesel/80%diesel)
- E85 (85% ethanol/25% gasoline)
Flexible-Fuel or Flex-Fuel
Vehicles
(FFVs), are design to run on gasoline or a blend of up to 85% ethanol
(E85). The vehicle is an alternative fuel vehicle with an internal combustion
engine designed to run on more than one fuel, usually gasoline blended with
either ethanol or methanol fuel, and both fuels are stored in the same common
tank. Modern flex-fuel engines are capable of burning any proportion of the
resulting blend in the combustion chamber as fuel injection and spark timing
are adjusted automatically according to the actual blend detected by a fuel
composition sensor.
Bi-fuel
vehicles
or otherwise known as dual fuel are vehicles with multifuel
engines capable of running on two fuels. On internal combustion engines one
fuel is gasoline or diesel, and the other is an alternate fuel such as natural
gas (CNG), LPG, or hydrogen. The two fuels are stored in separate tanks and the
engine runs on one fuel at a time in some cases, in others both fuels are used
in unison. Bi-fuel vehicles have the capability to switch back and forth from
gasoline or diesel to the other fuel, manually or automatically.
http://www.helium.com/items/448719-the-difference-between-dual-fuel-systems-and-bi-fuel-systems
* Alternative propulsion
- Electricity (battery operated- plug in) (www.teslamotors.com)
- Hybrid (IC engine + electric motor), (IC engine + hydraulic system)
- Compressed Air (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_air_car)